Classification of Plants

Classification of Plants

Plants are classified in several different ways, and the further away from the garden we get, the more the name indicates a plant's relationship to other plants, and tells us about its place in the plant world rather than in the garden. Usually, only the Family, Genus and species are of concern to the gardener, but we sometimes include subspecies, variety or cultivar to identify a particular plant.
Starting from the top, the highest category, plants have traditionally been classified as follows. Each group has the characteristics of the level above it, but has some distinguishing features. The further down the scale you go, the more minor the differences become, until you end up with a classification which applies to only one plant.

CLASS Angiospermae (Angiosperms) Plants which produce flowers

Gymnospermae (Gymnosperms) Plants which don't produce flowers

SUBCLASS Dicotyledonae (Dicotyledons, Dicots) Plants with two seed leaves

Monocotyledonae (Monocotyledons, Monocots) Plants with one seed leaf

SUPERORDER A group of related Plant Families, classified in the order in which they are thought to have developed their differences from a common ancestor.
There are six Superorders in the Dicotyledonae (Magnoliidae, Hamamelidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae), and four Superorders in the Monocotyledonae (Alismatidae, Commelinidae, Arecidae, Liliidae)
The names of the Superorders end in -idae

ORDER Each Superorder is further divided into several Orders.
The names of the Orders end in -ales

FAMILY Each Order is divided into Families. These are plants with many botanical features in common, and is the highest classification normally used. At this level, the similarity between plants is often easily recognisable by the layman.
Modern botanical classification assigns a type plant to each Family, which has the particular characteristics which separate this group of plants from others, and names the Family after this plant.
The number of Plant Families varies according to the botanist whose classification you follow. Some botanists recognise only 150 or so families, preferring to classify other similar plants as sub-families, while others recognise nearly 500 plant families. A widely-accepted system is that devised by Cronquist in 1968, which is only slightly revised today. Links to the various methods of classification are on this website.
The names of the Families end in -aceae

SUBFAMILY The Family may be further divided into a number of sub-families, which group together plants within the Family that have some significant botanical differences.
The names of the Subfamilies end in -oideae

TRIBE A further division of plants within a Family, based on smaller botanical differences, but still usually comprising many different plants.
The names of the Tribes end in -eae

SUBTRIBE A further division, based on even smaller botanical differences, often only recognisable to botanists.
The names of the Subtribes end in -inae

GENUS This is the part of the plant name that is most familiar, the normal name that you give a plant - Papaver (Poppy), Aquilegia (Columbine), and so on. The plants in a Genus are often easily recognisable as belonging to the same group.
The name of the Genus should be written with a capital letter.

SPECIES This is the level that defines an individual plant. Often, the name will describe some aspect of the plant - the colour of the flowers, size or shape of the leaves, or it may be named after the place where it was found. Together, the Genus and species name refer to only one plant, and they are used to identify that particular plant. Sometimes, the species is further divided into sub-species that contain plants not quite so distinct that they are classified as Varieties.
The name of the species should be written after the Genus name, in small letters, with no capital letter.

VARIETY A Variety is a plant that is only slightly different from the species plant, but the differences are not so insignificant as the differences in a form. The Latin is varietas, which is usually abbreviated to var.
The name follows the Genus and species name, with var. before the individual variety name.

FORM A form is a plant within a species that has minor botanical differences, such as the colour of flower or shape of the leaves.
The name follows the Genus and species name, with form (or f.) before the individual variety name.

CULTIVAR A Cultivar is a cultivated variety, a particular plant that has arisen either naturally or through deliberate hybridisation, and can be reproduced (vegetatively or by seed) to produce more of the same plant.
The name follows the Genus and species name. It is written in the language of the person who described it, and should not be translated. It is either written in single quotation marks or has cv. written in front of the name.

Example of Classification

The full botanical classification of a particular Lesser Spearwort with narrow leaves is

Category Scientific Name Common Name

CLASS Angiospermae Angiosperms

SUBCLASS Dicotyledonae Dicotyledons

SUPERORDER Magnoliidae Magnolia Superorder

ORDER Ranunculares Buttercup Order

FAMILY Ranunculaceae Buttercup Family

SUBFAMILY Ranunculoideae Buttercup Subfamily

TRIBE Ranunculeae Buttercup Tribe

GENUS Ranunculus Buttercup

SPECIES (Ranunculus) flammula Lesser Spearwort

SUBSPECIES (Ranunculus flammula) subsp. flammula Lesser Spearwort

VARIETY (Ranunculus flammula subsp. flammula) var. tenuifolius Narrow-leaved Lesser Spearwort

Category	Scientific Name	Common Name
CLASS	Angiospermae	Angiosperms
SUBCLASS	Dicotyledonae	Dicotyledons
SUPERORDER	Magnoliidae	Magnolia Superorder
ORDER	Ranunculares	Buttercup Order
FAMILY	Ranunculaceae	Buttercup Family
SUBFAMILY	Ranunculoideae	Buttercup Subfamily
TRIBE	Ranunculeae	Buttercup Tribe
GENUS	Ranunculus	Buttercup
SPECIES	(Ranunculus) flammula	Lesser Spearwort
SUBSPECIES	(Ranunculus flammula) subsp. flammula	Lesser Spearwort
VARIETY	(Ranunculus flammula subsp. flammula) var. tenuifolius	Narrow-leaved Lesser Spearwort

The traditional ways of classifying plants have been based on the visible physical characterists of the plant. However, since the discovery of DNA, plant scientists have been trying to classify plants more accurately, and to group them according to the similarities of their DNA. This has led to major changes in plant classification, as scientists have discovered that some plants have more in common with other plants which do not look the same, and that other plants which look similar have very different DNA make-up. There's more about this here.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Other entries with information on Plant Names

Classification of Flowering Plant Families - a table of Plant Families grouped into their Orders and Superorders
An introduction to APG III - the new system of classifying plants
Classification of Flowering Plants according to APG III - a table of Plant Families grouped according to the new system
Latin Names - the meanings of some common Latin botanical names
Plant Families - an introduction to Plant Families

Back to the Index of Technical Terms

CLASS	Angiospermae (Angiosperms)	Plants which produce flowers
	Gymnospermae (Gymnosperms)	Plants which don't produce flowers
SUBCLASS	Dicotyledonae (Dicotyledons, Dicots)	Plants with two seed leaves
	Monocotyledonae (Monocotyledons, Monocots)	Plants with one seed leaf
SUPERORDER	A group of related Plant Families, classified in the order in which they are thought to have developed their differences from a common ancestor. There are six Superorders in the Dicotyledonae (Magnoliidae, Hamamelidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae), and four Superorders in the Monocotyledonae (Alismatidae, Commelinidae, Arecidae, Liliidae) The names of the Superorders end in -idae
ORDER	Each Superorder is further divided into several Orders. The names of the Orders end in -ales
FAMILY	Each Order is divided into Families. These are plants with many botanical features in common, and is the highest classification normally used. At this level, the similarity between plants is often easily recognisable by the layman. Modern botanical classification assigns a type plant to each Family, which has the particular characteristics which separate this group of plants from others, and names the Family after this plant. The number of Plant Families varies according to the botanist whose classification you follow. Some botanists recognise only 150 or so families, preferring to classify other similar plants as sub-families, while others recognise nearly 500 plant families. A widely-accepted system is that devised by Cronquist in 1968, which is only slightly revised today. Links to the various methods of classification are on this website. The names of the Families end in -aceae
SUBFAMILY	The Family may be further divided into a number of sub-families, which group together plants within the Family that have some significant botanical differences. The names of the Subfamilies end in -oideae
TRIBE	A further division of plants within a Family, based on smaller botanical differences, but still usually comprising many different plants. The names of the Tribes end in -eae
SUBTRIBE	A further division, based on even smaller botanical differences, often only recognisable to botanists. The names of the Subtribes end in -inae
GENUS	This is the part of the plant name that is most familiar, the normal name that you give a plant - Papaver (Poppy), Aquilegia (Columbine), and so on. The plants in a Genus are often easily recognisable as belonging to the same group. The name of the Genus should be written with a capital letter.
SPECIES	This is the level that defines an individual plant. Often, the name will describe some aspect of the plant - the colour of the flowers, size or shape of the leaves, or it may be named after the place where it was found. Together, the Genus and species name refer to only one plant, and they are used to identify that particular plant. Sometimes, the species is further divided into sub-species that contain plants not quite so distinct that they are classified as Varieties. The name of the species should be written after the Genus name, in small letters, with no capital letter.
VARIETY	A Variety is a plant that is only slightly different from the species plant, but the differences are not so insignificant as the differences in a form. The Latin is varietas, which is usually abbreviated to var. The name follows the Genus and species name, with var. before the individual variety name.
FORM	A form is a plant within a species that has minor botanical differences, such as the colour of flower or shape of the leaves. The name follows the Genus and species name, with form (or f.) before the individual variety name.
CULTIVAR	A Cultivar is a cultivated variety, a particular plant that has arisen either naturally or through deliberate hybridisation, and can be reproduced (vegetatively or by seed) to produce more of the same plant. The name follows the Genus and species name. It is written in the language of the person who described it, and should not be translated. It is either written in single quotation marks or has cv. written in front of the name.